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Solution Of Water Pollution - 1025 Words

Water pollution is a major global problem which is the pollution of seas, lakes, rivers, swamps†¦ The pollution is made of storm and rainwater, sewage water and industrial waste. In developing countries, 70% of the waste dumped into waters are coming from industries. More than 80% of sewage from sewage treatment plants pollutes rivers and lakes without being treated first. 43% of Americas rivers and lakes are too polluted for fishing, swimming, or aquatic life. 1.2 trillion gallons of sewage water and industrial waste are released into US waters every year. Water pollution can also be in the form of solid waste. 3) Causes of this issue The first cause is the atmospheric deposition. Water pollution mostly doesnt begin in the†¦show more content†¦Iraq released over 300 million gallons of oil on purpose in the Persian Gulf to be offensive in the Gulf War. My fifth cause is sewage and wastewater. Households, industrial and agricultural practices make wastewater that pollutes lakes and rivers. Sewage is the word used for water that contains feces, urine, and other waste. People produce sewage and wastewater because they don’t know about helping the environment and they think that they’re doing nothing wrong and that’s why we need to alert them about this issue or sometimes there are storms and the government can only handle a certain amount of water so they don’t know what to do. Sewage water is pretty degradable and most of it is broken down in the environment which pollutes. The last cause is solid waste. Solid waste happens when people throw their trash (Water bottles, chip bags or plastic bags..) on the floor and the rain washes it down to sources of water. Or, before America used to put all their trash in a boat, sail it into the ocean and then dump it into the water! People cause solid waste because it’s cheaper from them. 4) Effects of water pollution The effects that atmospheric deposition has on water pollution is that when acid rain rains on water habitats (rivers and lakes) aquatic lives are hurt. Lakes and streams become acidic and the pH value goes down because the water and its soil cant block the acid rain enough to neutralize it. Frogs can tolerate high levelsShow MoreRelatedSolution Of Water Pollution1036 Words   |  5 Pagessurface has been covered by water, and less than a third is taken up by land. Water pollution has increased dramatically affecting our food system including, drinking water, and our environment.Water pollution is generally caused by human activities but may also be caused by natural resources. Before the 19th century Industrial Revolution, people in the industrialized environment believed that the oceans were too big to be polluted, so the problem of the water pollution has dragged along with it.Read MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The World And It Requires Solutions1395 Words   |  6 Page sWater pollution is one of the most undesirable environmental problems in the world and it requires solutions. Textile industries produce a lot of wastewater, which contains a number of contaminants, including acidic or caustic dissolved solids, toxic compounds, and any different dyes, many of these dyes are carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxic to human beings, fish species, and microorganisms. Hence, their removal from aquatic wastewater becomes environmentally important. There are several methodsRead MoreGlobal Water Pollution: Causes, Impacts, and Solutions Essay530 Words   |  3 PagesWater pollution has become a huge problem in many countries all over the world. It is known that water is a very significant factor in life, but if this water becomes contaminated, it will be very dangerous for the humanity and wildlife. Pollution is defined as to make fetid or unclear and dirty (American College Dictionary). So, water pollution means the change in the water composition to be dirty or unclear. This essay will examine the causes of water pollution, the effect of that issue in lifeRead MoreEssay On Water Pollution1493 Words   |  6 PagesProblem Water Pollution In my community, water pollution can often become a very serious problem. Pollution from sewage spills, storm runoff, road salt, and The Issue The problem in my community that I chose to research is the issue of water pollution. Water pollution can start by sewage spills, storm runoff, road salt, marine dumping, oil pollution, and underground leaks. In my community these factors can combine to pollute the water, turning it undrinkable and unusable. Water Pollution Who DoesRead MorePoison Water Essay1030 Words   |  5 PagesPoison Water The consequence of polluting the earth is constantly ignored by human beings. Pollution is dangerous and harmful to both living things and the environment. Chemical waste, fertilizer and numerous additional are one of the most important affect which is leading us to damaging possessions of water pollution, Pollution should be condensed in order to make available a cleaner environment and generate healthy living environment and habitat for all life forms on earth. Water pollution alsoRead MoreWater Pollution Is Bad For The Environment1252 Words   |  6 PagesPollution, of any kind is bad for the environment, but water pollution is bad for the environment and affects people. Our water quality is affecting positano and it s people. The article â€Å"Whale Facts† state s â€Å" Water pollution has become a growing concern over the last century as more and more waste is being disposed of in our oceans, rivers and lakes.†(Whale Facts). Water pollution is taking over our oceans, rivers, and lakes which are our primary drinking source. All the water that we drinkRead MorePoint Source Pollution Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Introduction Pollution has been an ongoing program that dates back thousands of years and consists of air, noise, water, light, soil, thermal, and radioactive forms (causes). This research paper will concentrate on water pollution, types, causes, and solutions to deal with what possibly will lead to an inevitable destruction of our environment, leading to water ways that cannot sustain life. Life cannot exist without clean, or non-polluted water. Since our drinking water and a lot of our foodRead MoreHealth Effects Of Air And Water Pollutants1269 Words   |  6 PagesHealth effects of air and water pollutants are major environmental issues that need to be better understood and controlled in the United States and globally. This issue is so important for many reasons, but for this discussion it is being identified to give a voice to the urgency to the world to pay attention to how our environment is failing into a catastrophic level of decline because of these types of pollutants. In order to overcome the pollutants there needs to be a call to action. We needRead MoreThe Effects Of Pollutants On The Worst Drinking Water873 Words   |  4 Pagesworst drinking water? Unfortunately, let me tell yes that Houston occurs the fourth place of the ten cities with drinking water issue after Pensacola, Riverside (California), Las Vegas, Riverside County (California), and Reno. Houston is the fourth large cities of the United States. It drains many water sources such as the Trinity River, the San Jacinto Rivers and Lake Houston. These water sources provide the drinking water that we use throughout the city. The quality of this water tested by TexasRead MoreWater Pollution : The Slow Demise Of A Community1552 Words   |  7 PagesWater Pollution; the Slow Demise of a Community Water is essential to all life. Plants need water, people need water, other animals need water; the point being that life depends on water. For thousands of years we can see that humans all have settled near bodies of water. This allowed them to have water for drinking, coking, and cleaning as well as a very efficient mode of transportation. We must be very careful to protect our waters because they are necessary for life. In this essay I will discuss

Emotional Intelligence and Effective Managerial Leadership Free Essays

Emotional Intelligence is the study of emotions and their impact upon the work environment. This definition must allow for external factors. Hughes writes an effective leader will have impact upon their team and this is â€Å"apparent in the growing interest over the past decade in topics like the leader’s genuineness, authenticity, credibility and trustworthiness† (3). We will write a custom essay sample on Emotional Intelligence and Effective Managerial Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now A leader’s reflection of these attributes is found in their level of connectedness with employees. As a result leaders are more interested in mentoring and training their team rather than focusing on output of numbers or turn around time. These qualities are a good indicator for selecting a potential manager. This development in team building allows for â€Å"providing people opportunities to learn from their work rather than taking them away from their work to learn† (Hughes 4). Emotional Intelligence relies upon the fact the leader will be able to have a competent level of interaction with the employee. It reflects successful leadership by allowing for complex relationships for team members by recognizing relationship building, capacity of visions and personal development. Emotional Intelligence for a leader means being able to read people, be read and allow for open dialogue. A corporation wants to hire someone emotionally intelligent because they have an understanding of the harmony between personal and professional personalities. To provide effective managerial leadership, one must display a certain level of Emotional Intelligence. It has been found â€Å"today business leaders rank Emotional Intelligence capabilities as critical to the success of today’s leaders† (Business Executives 1). Employees look up to management for guidance. By displaying Emotional Intelligence, the leader defines the boundaries for the team and creates an atmosphere for building relationships. This in turn creates stronger teams. In today’s company, the role of management also involves leadership within a team structure. A leader with a high level of Emotional Intelligence knows outside factors play a role in professional demeanor and have found a way to balance such behaviors. Also they are challenged by this balance and have a competitive edge. It is resilience, Hughes explains â€Å"that allows individuals to take difficult experiences in their lives and use them as opportunities to learn† (12). There is a level of change involved with studying Emotional Intelligence. The leader comprehends change as a constant everyday factor. The leader’s role is to sell the idea of change, commitment and expectations. A leader must also display curiosity, have guts and be a dominant force. Bennis reflects, there are two kinds of people â€Å"those who are paralyzed by fear, and those who are afraid but go ahead away. Life is not about limitation but options† (185). By understanding emotions, one can improve their own filtering of surroundings and enjoy greater success through relationships. Finally, competition is brutal and the global market continues to shrink due to communication technologies. It is important in leadership to embrace change and stick to a vision. By having Emotional Intelligence one can â€Å"recognize the physical and mental signs of our feelings/emotions before we can act on them meaningfully and constructively† (Eby Ruin par 20). How to cite Emotional Intelligence and Effective Managerial Leadership, Essay examples

Nike Cost of Capital solution free essay sample

Kimi Ford, a portfolio manager for the mutual-fund management group NorthPoint, was reviewing the financials of Nike Inc. to consider buying shares for the NorthPoint Large-Cap Fund that she managed. A week prior, Nike Inc. held an analysts’ meeting to share their 2001 fiscal results and develop a strategy to revitalize the company. II. Background of Firm Nike’s revenues since 1997 had grown from $9 billion, while net income had fallen $220 million. A study written by Douglas Robson printed in Business Week revealed that Nike’s market share in the U. S. athletic shoe industry had fallen from 48 percent to 42 percent since 1997. In addition, supply-chain issues and the effects of a strong dollar negatively affected revenues. In the meeting, management planned to increase revenues by developing athletic-shoe products in ranges varying between $70-$90 and push their apparel line. Nike’s executives expressed that the company would still continue with a long-term revenue growth target of 8-10 percent and earnings-growth target above 15 percent. III. Statement of Situation After reading all the analysts’ reports, Kimi Ford decided to develop her own discounted-cash-flow forecast to achieve the investment decision for her mutual fund. The forecast showed that at a 12 percent discount rate, Nike’s stock price was overvalued at $4. 82 per share. She created a sensitivity analysis, which revealed that Nike’s stock was undervalued at discount rates of less than 11. 7 percent. The results concluded from the sensitivity analysis made Kimi Ford unsure of her decision on Nike stock; she proceeded to ask Joanna Cohen to estimate Nike’s weighted average cost of capital. IV. Constraints on Solution Cohen calculated a weighted average cost of capital of 8. 4 percent by using the capital asset pricing model for Nike Inc. Cohen’s calculations are incorrect because she used the book value for both debt and equity. When calculating cost of capital, the market value of debt and equity must be used. The market value of equity is found by multiplying the stock price of Nike Inc. by the number of shares outstanding. V. Possible Solutions The analyst team calculated Nike Inc. cost of capital by using two different models and approaches and then choosing the best one based on confidence in the data. Market Value of Equity = (Stock Price * # Shares Outstanding) E = ($42. 09 * 271. 5) E = ($11,427. 44) The above calculation of market value of equity is much higher than the book value of equity that Cohen used of $3,494. 50. In addition, for market value of debt, Cohen uses the book value instead of using the discounted value of long-term debt. The market value of debt is calculated by adding the present portion of long-term debt, notes payable, and long-term debt discounted at Nike’s accepted coupon rate. Market Value of Debt = (Present LT Debt + Notes Payable + LT Debt) D = ($5. 40 + $855. 30 + $435. 9) D = ($1,296. 60) With these calculations, the weight of debt and equity of Nike and the company can be calculated. Once these weights are calculated, the company’s capital structure can be concluded. Weight of Debt = (Debt / Debt + Equity) W = ($1,296. 60 / $1,296. 60 + $11,427. 44) W = (10. 19%) Weight of Equity = (Equity / Debt + Equity) E = ($11,427. 44 / $1,296. 60 + $11,427. 44) E = (89. 80%) In addition, another issue is finding the correct costs of debt and equity in order to find the correct calculation of WACC. Cohen used the 20-year yield on U. S. Treasuries of 5. 74% as the risk free rate, which is correct given the debt was valued over 25 years and there is no given yield for that amount of time. Calculating the market risk premium requires using the two historical equity risk premiums given for a time period from 1926 to 1999: Geometric mean and arithmetic mean. The arithmetic mean is better for a one-year estimated expected return. Considering the 20-year yield on U. S. Treasuries of 5. 9, using the geometric mean is the best choice because it is for a longer time. To use the CAPM approach, a beta for Nike Inc. had to be decided on. To account for significant beta changes, using the average beta of . 80 was the best choice. This was decided on because using the YTD beta of . 69 was showing the past and not a good reflection of potential revenues. In addition, the average beta of . 80 will better show increases in market share. Cost of debt was calculated by the yield to maturity on 20-year Nike Inc. debt with a 6. 75 percent coupon semi-annually. The cost of debt was calculated as follows: PV = -937. 61 N = 40 Pmt = 33. 75 FV = 1000 I/Y = 3. 67% semi-annually (YTM) = 3. 67% * 2 = 7. 34% After-tax cost of debt = . 0734 x (1-. 38) = . 0455 or 4. 55% The cost of equity was calculated as follows: K(e) = Rf + Beta * (MRP) K(e) = 5. 74% + . 8 * 5. 90% K(e) = 10. 46% Using the values from calculating the weight and cost of both debt and equity, the cost of capital is determined to be 9. 86 percent. Using the WACC formula, the analysts’ team came to a different conclusion than Ms. Cohen. WACC = Wd*Kd (1-T) + WeKe = . 1019*. 0734 (1-. 38) + . 8980*. 1046 = 9. 86% The next model that the analysts’ team used to calculate the cost of capital was the dividend discount model. This model assumes that the company pays a substantial dividend. This model was rejected because Nike Inc. does not pay a substantial dividend. DDM = [Do (1+g)/Po] + g DDM = [. 48(1+.055)/42. 09] + . 055 DDM = 6. 70% . The final model used to compute the cost of capital was the earning capitalization model. The analysts’ team chose to reject this model because it does not take growth into account. ECM = E1/Po ECM = 216/42. 09 ECM = 5. 31% VI. Recommendation The analysts’ team found the weighted average cost of capital by using CAPM, finding a discount rate of 9. 86 percent. The WACC calculation difference of 1. 46 percent was higher than what Ms. Cohen calculated ofat 8. 40 percent. At a discount rate of 12 percent, Ms. Ford calculated Nike’s equity value per share at $37. Which is undervalued from the present market share of $42. 09. Using the discount rate of 9. 86 percent the analysts’ team estimated an equity value higher than Ms. Ford’s. The estimate of $44. 11 equity value per share overvalued(? ) the present value by $2. 02. This data concluded that Nike Inc. should not be added to the NorthPoint Large-Cap Fund at this time because the stock is overvalued. She should watch the company closely because Nike Inc. has growth potential that would be beneficial to her fund. Nike Inc’s. management has plans for the future that if successful could provide the company with abundant revenues.